UGC NET Forestry June 2026

UGC NET Forestry June 2026: Solved Paper (100 Questions)

All 100 forestry questions from the NTA UGC NET June 2026 exam (Forestry, code 106, held on 30 June 2026), with verified answers, explanations and the subject of every question.

100 questions2 marks eachNo negative marking19 subjects

How to use this page Choose Practice mode to see the answer and explanation as soon as you tap an option (you can also practise one subject at a time), or take the 1-hour mock test to attempt all 100 questions against the clock like the real exam. Below the quiz you will find every question with its answer, the answer key and a subject-wise analysis.

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Subject-wise analysis

How the 100 forestry questions were spread across subjects. Use this to plan revision for the next UGC NET.

Tree Improvement11

Agroforestry11

Silviculture10

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants8

Forest Policy & Law7

Forest Ecology6

Biotechnology5

Forest Mensuration5

Forest Products & Utilization5

Nursery & Plantation5

Climate Change5

Statistics5

Forest Management4

Soil & Water Conservation3

Remote Sensing3

Wood Science2

Wildlife & Biodiversity2

Forest Economics & Extension2

Forest Entomology1

All questions with answers

Every question in the order of the paper, with the correct option highlighted and a short explanation.

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Q.1Wildlife & Biodiversity

Select the correct statements related to biodiversity and wildlife conservation of India.

• A. India is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity countries of the world
• B. Biodiversity and wildlife provide economic benefits through tourism
• C. Whole country is divided into 10 floristic regions for better understanding of flora
• D. Endangered species are those which have 20% probability of extinction within 20 years or 10 generations
• E. Vulnerable species are those which have 10% probability of extinction within 50 years

1. 1B, C, D only
2. 2C, D, E only
3. 3A, B, C only
4. 4A, B, D only

Answer: Option 4 (A, B, D only)
A and B are correct (India was among the 12 megadiverse countries in the original list; it is now counted among 17). C is wrong: India has 10 biogeographic zones, but floristic regions are 8 to 9. E is wrong: IUCN puts Vulnerable at 10% probability of extinction in 100 years. D is the intended third statement (IUCN Endangered = 20% in 20 years or 5 generations).

Q.2Silviculture

Match LIST-I (tree species) with LIST-II (suitable soil/rock).

LIST-I: Tree species	LIST-II: Suitable soil
A. Xylia xylocarpa	I. Quartzite rocks
B. Tectona grandis	II. Acidic rocks
C. Pinus roxburghii	III. Trap rocks
D. Shorea robusta	IV. Basaltic rocks

1. 1A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
2. 2A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
3. 3A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
4. 4A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Answer: Option 4 (A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II)
A. Xylia → Trap rocks: Khanna notes that Xylia occurs gregariously on laterites, which are weathered iron-rich/basaltic (trap) formations. B. Teak → Basaltic rocks: teak replaces sal on the Deccan trap/basaltic formations and grows well on base-rich, lime-rich rocks. C. Chir pine → Quartzite rocks: chir pine is non-exacting and occurs mainly on quartzite in the Western Himalaya. D. Sal → Acidic rocks: sal prefers acidic soils (optimum pH 4.5–5.5) and avoids basic Deccan trap and lime-rich rocks.

Q.3Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Read the following and choose the correct statements about isabgol.

• A. Vallabh Isabgol-1 is a mutant variety
• B. Haryana Isabgol-5 is developed through introduction
• C. Niharika variety of isabgol is developed through selection
• D. Gujarat Isabgol-3 is a hybrid variety
• E. Gujarat Isabgol-1 is a selection from introduction

1. 1A and D only
2. 2B and C only
3. 3C and D only
4. 4A and E only

Answer: Option 4 (A and E only)
Gujarat Isabgol-1 (1976) is a selection from introduced material, and Vallabh Isabgol-1 is a mutant. Haryana Isabgol-5 is a selection from GI-2 (not an introduction), and Niharika (CIMAP) is a gamma-ray induced mutant (not a selection). No released isabgol variety is a hybrid.

Q.4Forest Policy & Law

Tiger has been listed in which schedule of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972?

1. 1Schedule I
2. 2Schedule II
3. 3Schedule III
4. 4Schedule IV

Answer: Option 1 (Schedule I)
The tiger is in Schedule I, which gives the highest level of protection (also after the 2022 amendment).

Q.5Nursery & Plantation

Which is the most expensive type of green house?

1. 1Glass house
2. 2Poly house
3. 3Polycarbonate house
4. 4Shade net house

Answer: Option 1 (Glass house)
Glass houses need a strong frame and costly glazing, so they are the most expensive. Shade net houses are the cheapest.

Q.6Soil & Water Conservation

Arrange the following tree species in their increasing order of interception of precipitation.

• A. Acacia catechu
• B. Alstonia scholaris
• C. Tectona grandis
• D. Eucalyptus hybrid
• E. Pinus roxburghii

1. 1D, C, E, B, A
2. 2D, E, C, B, A
3. 3E, D, C, A, B
4. 4A, B, C, D, E

Answer: Option 1 (D, C, E, B, A)
FRI Dehradun studies: Eucalyptus hybrid intercepts only about 11.7% of rainfall (lowest), teak about 21% and chir pine about 27%; broad, dense crowns of Alstonia and khair intercept more.

Q.7Tree Improvement

Match LIST-I (mating design) with LIST-II.

LIST-I: Mating design	LIST-II: Feature
A. Single pair mating design	I. GCA can be obtained for only rarer sex
B. Full diallel design	II. SCA can not be estimated
C. Nested design	III. Cytoplasmic inheritance can be estimated
D. Poly cross design	IV. Only SCA can be estimated

1. 1A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
2. 2A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. 3A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
4. 4A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Answer: Option 4 (A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II)
Single pair mating gives only SCA; a full diallel includes reciprocals, so cytoplasmic (maternal) effects can be estimated; in a nested design GCA is obtained only for the rarer sex; a polycross gives GCA only, so SCA can not be estimated.

Q.8Biotechnology

Arrange the molecular markers on the basis of year of discovery (from earliest to latest).

• A. RAPD
• B. AFLP
• C. RFLP
• D. SSR

1. 1C, A, D, B
2. 2C, A, B, D
3. 3A, C, B, D
4. 4B, D, C, A

Answer: Option 1 (C, A, D, B)
RFLP (1980) is the first DNA marker; RAPD came in 1990, SSR (microsatellite) markers came into wide use in the early 1990s and AFLP in 1995.

Q.9Tree Improvement

Which of the following pairs is correct for species and their respective DUS nodal centre?

• A. Teak – IFGTB, Coimbatore
• B. Poplar – UHF, Nauni
• C. Chir pine – FRI, Dehradun
• D. Deodar – HFRI, Shimla

1. 1A, B, C only
2. 2B, C, D only
3. 3A, B, D only
4. 4A, C, D only

Answer: Option 3 (A, B, D only)
The PPV&FRA DUS guidelines name HFRI, Shimla (not FRI) as the nodal DUS test centre for chir pine, so C is wrong. A, B and D are correct.

Q.10Forest Policy & Law

Arrange the wildlife related legislations in chronological order.

• A. The Biodiversity Act
• B. Forest Conservation Act
• C. The Wildlife (Protection) Act
• D. The Indian Forest Act
• E. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act

1. 1A, B, C, D, E
2. 2E, D, C, B, A
3. 3D, E, C, B, A
4. 4B, C, D, A, E

Answer: Option 3 (D, E, C, B, A)
Indian Forest Act 1927 → Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 → Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 → Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 → Biological Diversity Act 2002.

Q.11Forest Products & Utilization

Arrange the process of paper making.

• A. Sheet formation
• B. Bleaching
• C. Pulping
• D. Pulp cleaning
• E. Stock preparation

1. 1C, B, A, D, E
2. 2C, E, D, B, A
3. 3C, D, B, E, A
4. 4D, C, E, B, A

Answer: Option 3 (C, D, B, E, A)
Pulping → pulp cleaning (screening) → bleaching → stock preparation (beating, refining, additives) → sheet formation on the paper machine.

Q.12Forest Economics & Extension

Which is not a class of entrepreneur as per the classification of Clarence Danhof?

1. 1Innovating entrepreneur
2. 2Imitative entrepreneur
3. 3Fabian entrepreneur
4. 4Trading entrepreneur

Answer: Option 4 (Trading entrepreneur)
Danhof's four classes are innovating, imitative, Fabian and drone entrepreneurs. Trading entrepreneur belongs to a classification by type of business.

Q.13Statistics

Read the following statements about hypothesis testing and choose the correct ones.

• A. The sum of observed and expected frequencies in chi-square test are always zero.
• B. The mean of chi-square distribution is equal to the number of degrees of freedom.
• C. The variable t-distribution ranges from zero to infinity.
• D. The range of χ² distribution is from −∞ to +∞
• E. The table values of χ² are available only up to 30 degrees of freedom

1. 1A, B, E only
2. 2B, D, E only
3. 3A, B, C only
4. 4A, B, D only

Answer: Option 1 (A, B, E only)
Σ(O − E) = 0; the mean of χ² equals its d.f.; standard χ² tables go up to 30 d.f. The t variable ranges from −∞ to +∞, and χ² ranges from 0 to +∞, so C and D are wrong.

Q.14Climate Change

Arrange the following countries by their cumulative CO₂ emission during 1950 to 1996 in increasing order.

• A. China
• B. USA
• C. Japan
• D. Germany
• E. India

1. 1A, B, C, D, E
2. 2E, C, D, A, B
3. 3E, D, C, B, A
4. 4D, C, A, E, B

Answer: Option 2 (E, C, D, A, B)
Cumulative 1950–1996 CO₂ (WRI): India ≈ 15 Gt < Japan ≈ 31 Gt < Germany ≈ 51 Gt < China ≈ 58 Gt < USA ≈ 186 Gt.

Q.15Agroforestry

Which state has the highest number of trees under agroforestry as per India State of Forest Report, 2023?

1. 1Gujarat
2. 2Rajasthan
3. 3Madhya Pradesh
4. 4Maharashtra

Answer: Option 4 (Maharashtra)
ISFR 2023: Maharashtra has the highest number of trees under agroforestry (about 1,165 million).

Q.16Silviculture

Match LIST-I (name of thinning) with LIST-II (synonym).

LIST-I: Name of thinning	LIST-II: Synonym
A. Mechanical thinning	I. German thinning
B. Ordinary thinning	II. French thinning
C. Elite thinning	III. Stick thinning
D. Crown thinning	IV. Free thinning

1. 1A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
2. 2A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
3. 3A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
4. 4A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV

Answer: Option 2 (A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II)
Mechanical = stick thinning; ordinary (low) = German thinning; elite = free thinning (crop-tree based); crown (high) = French thinning.

Q.17Forest Economics & Extension

Which formula is used to derive net capital ratio?

1. 1Total liabilities ÷ Total assets
2. 2Total assets ÷ Total liabilities
3. 3Current assets ÷ Current liabilities
4. 4Total assets ÷ Owner's equity

Answer: Option 2 (Total assets ÷ Total liabilities)
Net capital ratio = total assets ÷ total liabilities. Current assets ÷ current liabilities is the current ratio.

Q.18Forest Mensuration

Match LIST-I (formula name) with LIST-II (formula).

LIST-I: Formula	LIST-II: Expression
A. Smalian's formula	I. d/dbh = C log [(c + l)/c]
B. Newton's formula	II. [(S₁ + 4Sm + S₂)/6] × l
C. Hojer's formula	III. P = (200/n) × (D − d)/(D + d)
D. Pressler's formula	IV. [(S₁ + S₂)/2] × l

1. 1A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
2. 2A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
3. 3A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
4. 4A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

Answer: Option 2 (A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III)
Smalian: mean of end areas × length; Newton: (S₁ + 4Sm + S₂)/6 × l; Hojer: taper formula d/dbh = C log[(c + l)/c]; Pressler: increment per cent = (200/n)(D − d)/(D + d).

Q.19Tree Improvement

What is the correct sequence for the selection and development of improved genotype?

• A. Plus tree
• B. Elite tree
• C. Candidate tree
• D. Progeny testing

1. 1B, A, D, C
2. 2C, D, A, B
3. 3A, C, B, D
4. 4C, A, D, B

Answer: Option 4 (C, A, D, B)
Candidate tree → plus tree (after comparison) → progeny testing → elite tree (plus tree proven by progeny test).

Q.20Silviculture

Which one of the following is a non-exacting species?

1. 1Cedrus deodara
2. 2Tectona grandis
3. 3Pinus roxburghii
4. 4Pinus wallichiana

Answer: Option 3 (Pinus roxburghii)
Chir pine is a hardy, non-exacting species that grows on poor, dry, shallow soils where most other species fail.

Q.21Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Choose the correct statements in respect of medicinal and aromatic plants.

• A. Reserpine and ajmaline are major alkaloids of sarpgandha
• B. In senna, sennosides are present in all parts of the plant
• C. Senna is mostly cultivated as mixed crop
• D. Ocimum canum is holy basil
• E. Vetiver is an annual grass

1. 1A, B, C only
2. 2A, C, D only
3. 3A, B, D only
4. 4B, C, E only

Answer: Option 1 (A, B, C only)
A is correct. Holy basil is Ocimum sanctum (O. tenuiflorum), not O. canum, and vetiver is a perennial grass, so D and E are wrong; the only option without D and E is A, B, C.

Q.22Biotechnology

Arrange the steps of micropropagation in order from the start.

• A. Sub-culture passage
• B. Surface sterilization
• C. Shoot elongation
• D. Selection of medium

1. 1D, B, A, C
2. 2B, D, C, A
3. 3D, B, C, A
4. 4B, D, A, C

Answer: Option 3 (D, B, C, A)
Selection of medium → surface sterilization of the explant and inoculation → shoot elongation → sub-culture passages to multiply the shoots (D, B, C, A).

Q.23Climate Change

UNFCCC stands for which of the following?

1. 1United Nation Framework for Climate Change
2. 2United Nation Forum for Climate Change
3. 3United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change
4. 4United Nation Framework Convention for Climate Change Mitigation

Answer: Option 3 (United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change)
UNFCCC = United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in 1992 at Rio.

Q.24Forest Policy & Law

The forests in ancient India were divided into main classes as:

1. 1Kunjar Vana and Kantak Vana
2. 2Reserve forests and Protected forests
3. 3Pure forests and Mixed forests
4. 4Normal forests and Abnormal forests

Answer: Option 1 (Kunjar Vana and Kantak Vana)
Ancient texts classified forests by use, such as Kunjar vana (elephant forests) and Kantak vana (thorn forests). Reserve and protected forests are legal classes of the Indian Forest Act.

Q.25Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Match LIST-I (product) with LIST-II (plant part).

LIST-I: Product	LIST-II: Part
A. Citriodora oil	I. Grass
B. Agar oil	II. Root
C. Citronella oil	III. Leaf
D. Valerian oil	IV. Wood

1. 1A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. 2A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I
3. 3A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
4. 4A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Answer: Option 3 (A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II)
Citriodora oil from Eucalyptus citriodora leaves; agar oil from infected Aquilaria wood; citronella oil from the grass; valerian oil from the roots/rhizomes.

Q.26Climate Change

Arrange the following greenhouse gases in increasing order of their global warming potential.

• A. Methane (CH₄)
• B. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• C. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆)
• D. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• E. Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

1. 1A, B, C, D, E
2. 2B, E, A, D, C
3. 3B, A, E, D, C
4. 4A, B, E, D, C

Answer: Option 3 (B, A, E, D, C)
100-year GWP: CO₂ = 1 < CH₄ ≈ 28 < N₂O ≈ 265 < PFCs ≈ 6,600–11,000 < SF₆ ≈ 23,500.

Q.27Tree Improvement

Which of the following will generate new alleles in the population?

1. 1Mutation
2. 2Migration
3. 3Genetic drift
4. 4Selection

Answer: Option 1 (Mutation)
Mutation is the only source of new alleles. Migration, drift and selection only change the frequencies of existing alleles.

Q.28Forest Management

Which of the following is known as the 'Trinity of Norms' of a normal forest?

• A. Normal age-gradation
• B. Normal growing stock
• C. Normal diameter
• D. Normal height
• E. Normal increment

1. 1A, B, C only
2. 2B, C, D only
3. 3A, B, E only
4. 4B, C, E only

Answer: Option 3 (A, B, E only)
A normal forest has normal age-gradation, normal increment and normal growing stock: the trinity of norms.

Q.29Silviculture

How much time does Shorea robusta take between pollination and seed ripening?

1. 112–13 months
2. 22 months
3. 36–7 months
4. 43 months

Answer: Option 4 (3 months)
Interval between pollination and seed ripening: Ailanthus excelsa 2 months; sal 3 months; teak 3 months; Aesculus indica, Acacia catechu 4–5 months; shisham, spruce, silver fir 6–7 months; deodar 12–13 months; blue pine 16–18 months; chir pine 24–26 months.

Q.30Forest Products & Utilization

Arrange the steps of plywood manufacture.

• A. Conditioning of the panel
• B. Trimming, sanding and storage
• C. Drying of veneers
• D. Preparation of veneers
• E. Mixing and spreading glue and pressing glued lay-up into panel

1. 1A, B, C, D, E
2. 2D, A, B, C, E
3. 3D, C, E, A, B
4. 4E, C, A, B, D

Answer: Option 3 (D, C, E, A, B)
Veneer preparation (peeling/slicing) → veneer drying → glue spreading and pressing the lay-up → conditioning → trimming, sanding and storage.

Q.31Forest Policy & Law

Consider the following statements in relation to the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

• A. The headquarters of the National Biodiversity Authority is situated in Chennai
• B. Section 37 of the Act deals with biodiversity heritage sites
• C. Protection of biodiversity is the sole responsibility of the states
• D. The biodiversity management committees are constituted only in rural areas

1. 1A and B only
2. 2B and C only
3. 3C and D only
4. 4A, B, C and D

Answer: Option 1 (A and B only)
NBA is at Chennai and Section 37 covers Biodiversity Heritage Sites. Conservation is shared by the Centre, states and local bodies, and BMCs are formed by every local body, rural and urban.

Q.32Forest Ecology

Phenological changes are controlled by which of the following factors?

1. 1Species only
2. 2Species and locality only
3. 3Climate only
4. 4Species, locality and climatic condition

Answer: Option 4 (Species, locality and climatic condition)
The timing of leaf fall, flushing, flowering and fruiting depends on the species, the locality and the climate together.

Q.33Remote Sensing

From where can one procure aerial photographs in India?

1. 1Forest Research Institute
2. 2Wildlife Institute of India
3. 3Indian Space Research Organization
4. 4The Surveyor General's Office

Answer: Option 4 (The Surveyor General's Office)
Aerial photographs in India are supplied through the Survey of India (Surveyor General's Office, Dehradun).

Q.34Nursery & Plantation

Pre-treatment by putting seeds in hot water (80 °C) and allowing it to cool and soak for 24 hours is done in which species to improve germination?

1. 1Prosopis cineraria
2. 2Melia azedarach
3. 3Diospyros melanoxylon
4. 4Morus alba

Answer: Option 1 (Prosopis cineraria)
Khejri (like most leguminous trees) has a hard, impermeable seed coat; hot water treatment softens it and improves germination.

Q.35Remote Sensing

Match LIST-I (type of remote sensing) with LIST-II (characteristics).

LIST-I: Type of remote sensing	LIST-II: Characteristics
A. Passive remote sensing	I. Sun is the natural source of energy
B. Panchromatic remote sensing	II. Multiple bands of electromagnetic spectrum
C. Multi-spectral remote sensing	III. Narrow band imaging
D. Hyper spectral remote sensing	IV. Single band of electromagnetic spectrum

1. 1A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
2. 2A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
3. 3A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
4. 4A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

Answer: Option 2 (A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III)
Passive sensing uses the sun's energy; panchromatic records a single broad band; multispectral records several bands; hyperspectral records many narrow contiguous bands.

Q.36Tree Improvement

Choose the correct statements.

• A. Clonal Seed Orchard (CSO) has higher genetic base as compared to Seedling Seed Orchard (SSO)
• B. Seed production areas (SPA) are also called seed stands
• C. 1.5 generation orchards are greatly improved first generation orchards
• D. Clonal seed orchard starts fruiting earlier than SSO
• E. Expected genetic gain is found higher in SPA as compared to seed orchards

1. 1A, B, C, D only
2. 2A, C, D only
3. 3B, C, D only
4. 4B, C, D, E only

Answer: Option 3 (B, C, D only)
B, C and D are correct. A seedling seed orchard (many families) has a broader genetic base than a CSO, and seed orchards give more genetic gain than SPAs, so A and E are wrong.

Q.37Agroforestry

Which of the following statements holds true with regard to taungya cultivation?

1. 1It is the most primitive system of farming
2. 2It is a modified form of shifting cultivation
3. 3It allows farmers to cultivate indefinitely
4. 4It is practiced in natural as well as new plantations

Answer: Option 2 (It is a modified form of shifting cultivation)
Taungya (Burma, Brandis 1856) is a modified form of shifting cultivation: farmers grow crops between young forest plantations for the first 2–3 years.

Q.38Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Match LIST-I (name of crop) with LIST-II (family).

LIST-I: Crop	LIST-II: Family
A. Kalmegh	I. Valerianaceae
B. Patchouli	II. Acanthaceae
C. Jatamansi	III. Apocynaceae
D. Sarpgandha	IV. Lamiaceae

1. 1A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
2. 2A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
3. 3A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
4. 4A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Answer: Option 2 (A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III)
Kalmegh – Acanthaceae; patchouli – Lamiaceae; jatamansi – Valerianaceae (now Caprifoliaceae); sarpgandha – Apocynaceae.

Q.39Biotechnology

Which of the following pairs is correct?

1. 1Anther culture – Virus free plant production
2. 2Meristem culture – Haploid plant production
3. 3Protoplast fusion – Somatic hybridization
4. 4Cryopreservation – Mass propagation

Answer: Option 3 (Protoplast fusion – Somatic hybridization)
Protoplast fusion produces somatic hybrids. Anther culture gives haploids, meristem culture gives virus-free plants and cryopreservation is for germplasm storage.

Q.40Agroforestry

For successful implementation of D&D procedures, arrange the basic questions in proper order.

• A. How can the system be improved?
• B. Which land use system and how does it work?
• C. How well does the system work?
• D. How can the improved technology be developed and disseminated?
• E. How can the plan of action be adjusted to new information?

1. 1A, B, C, D, E
2. 2B, C, A, D, E
3. 3C, D, A, B, E
4. 4E, D, A, B, C

Answer: Option 2 (B, C, A, D, E)
ICRAF's Diagnosis & Design: describe the system → diagnose how well it works → design improvements → plan development and dissemination → adjust the plan to new information.

Q.41Wood Science

Arrange the species from higher to lower air-dry weight of their timber.

• A. Albizia lebbeck
• B. Tectona grandis
• C. Dalbergia sissoo
• D. Soymida febrifuga
• E. Bombax ceiba

1. 1B, C, D, E, A
2. 2D, C, B, A, E
3. 3A, B, C, D, E
4. 4E, D, C, B, A

Answer: Option 2 (D, C, B, A, E)
Rohini (Soymida) is very heavy (≈ 1,000 kg/m³), shisham ≈ 770, teak ≈ 650–700, siris ≈ 640 and semal is very light (≈ 370–400 kg/m³).

Q.42Silviculture

Match LIST-I (species) with LIST-II (time of flowering).

LIST-I: Species	LIST-II: Time of flowering
A. Cedrus deodara	I. March to April
B. Bombax ceiba	II. April to May
C. Garuga pinnata	III. June to October
D. Quercus dilatata	IV. January to March

1. 1A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
2. 2A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
3. 3A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
4. 4A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Answer: Option 2 (A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II)
Deodar flowers in autumn (September–October); semal flowers January–March while leafless; Garuga March–April; moru oak (Q. dilatata) April–May.

Q.43Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

White stemmed and dwarf in nature are characters of which species of lemon grass?

1. 1Cymbopogon flexuosus
2. 2Cymbopogon citratus
3. 3Cymbopogon flexuosus var. flexuosus
4. 4Cymbopogon pendulus

Answer: Option 4 (Cymbopogon pendulus)
C. pendulus (Jammu lemongrass) is white stemmed, dwarf and frost resistant, suited to the sub-Himalayan areas of north India.

Q.44Nursery & Plantation

Calculate the number of plants required for 15 hectares of plantation to be planted at 2.5 × 2.5 m with the quincunx method of planting.

1. 18,000
2. 216,000
3. 332,000
4. 448,000

Answer: Option 4 (48,000)
Square planting needs 10,000 ÷ (2.5 × 2.5) = 1,600 plants/ha. Quincunx adds one plant in the centre of every square, so ≈ 2 × 1,600 = 3,200/ha. For 15 ha: 3,200 × 15 = 48,000.

Q.45Nursery & Plantation

Read the following statements about nursery and choose the correct ones.

• A. Auxin is used for root induction in cutting
• B. Benzyl amino purine is a commonly used cytokinin
• C. Cleft grafting method is used when the stock and scion are of equal diameter
• D. Sexually propagated plants have better tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses
• E. Excised embryo test is done for the testing of seed germination

1. 1A, B, D only
2. 2A, B, C, D only
3. 3B, C, E only
4. 4B, D, E only

Answer: Option 1 (A, B, D only)
Cleft grafting is used when the stock is much thicker than the scion (whip/splice grafting suits equal diameters), and the excised embryo test checks seed viability, not germination.

Q.46Climate Change

Arrange the following events in chronological order.

• A. First World Climate Conference
• B. Kyoto Protocol
• C. First Conference of Parties (COP-1)
• D. Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APPCDC)
• E. World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)

1. 1A, C, B, E, D
2. 2A, B, C, D, E
3. 3B, A, D, E, C
4. 4B, D, A, C, E

Answer: Option 1 (A, C, B, E, D)
First World Climate Conference 1979 → COP-1 Berlin 1995 → Kyoto Protocol 1997 → WSSD Johannesburg 2002 → APPCDC 2005–06.

Q.47Silviculture

What is the main objective of tending operations?

1. 1Nursery raising
2. 2To provide healthy environment
3. 3Land configuration
4. 4Conservation of bio-diversity

Answer: Option 2 (To provide healthy environment)
Tending (weeding, cleaning, thinning, pruning, climber cutting) gives the crop a healthy environment for best growth and quality.

Q.48Tree Improvement

What term is used for a population in which two species growing together hybridize freely and back-cross?

1. 1Provenance
2. 2Hybrid swarm
3. 3Seed orchard
4. 4Seed production area

Answer: Option 2 (Hybrid swarm)
A hybrid swarm is a variable population formed when two species hybridize freely and the hybrids back-cross with the parents.

Q.49Forest Mensuration

What will be the increment per cent of a stand of 20 years in which the MAI culminates at 20 years?

1. 15
2. 220
3. 30.2
4. 425

Answer: Option 1 (5)
At culmination CAI = MAI, so increment per cent = CAI ÷ volume × 100 = MAI ÷ volume × 100 = 100 ÷ age = 100 ÷ 20 = 5%.

Q.50Forest Policy & Law

The foundation of scientific forestry in India was laid in 1864 with the appointment of whom as 'Inspector General of Forests'?

1. 1Dr. Voelcker
2. 2Dr. Dietrich Brandis
3. 3Dr. McClelland
4. 4Mr. Conolly

Answer: Option 2 (Dr. Dietrich Brandis)
Dr. Dietrich Brandis became the first Inspector General of Forests in 1864 and is called the father of Indian forestry.

Q.51Statistics

Read the following statements about regression and choose the correct ones.

• A. The regression line of Y on X gives the most probable values of X for given values of Y.
• B. The regression lines will coincide if there is perfect positive correlation between two variables.
• C. The regression lines are at right angle, if two variables are negatively correlated.
• D. The regression lines will be farther from each other the lesser the degree of correlation.

1. 1A & D only
2. 2B & D only
3. 3A & C only
4. 4B & C only

Answer: Option 2 (B & D only)
Y on X gives the most probable Y for a given X (A wrong). The lines are at right angles only when r = 0, not when r is negative (C wrong). B and D are correct.

Q.52Forest Ecology

Arrange the steps in riverain succession in temperate areas.

• A. Shrubs and grasses
• B. Pinus wallichiana
• C. Bare site
• D. Abies pindrow + Picea smithiana + Quercus semecarpifolia
• E. Cedrus deodara + Picea smithiana + Pinus wallichiana

1. 1A, B, C, D, E
2. 2A, B, D, E, C
3. 3C, A, B, E, D
4. 4C, B, A, E, D

Answer: Option 3 (C, A, B, E, D)
Bare riverain site → shrubs and grasses → blue pine (pioneer) → deodar–spruce–blue pine → fir–spruce–kharsu oak (climax).

Q.53Tree Improvement

All initial tree improvement programmes rely on and consist of the following. Arrange them in the correct order.

• A. Mass production of improved individuals
• B. Packaging the desired qualities into improved individuals
• C. Determination of the species and geographical sources within species
• D. Developing and maintaining a genetic base population for advanced generation
• E. Determination of the amount, kind and cause of variability within species

1. 1A, B, C, D, E
2. 2C, B, E, D, A
3. 3C, E, B, A, D
4. 4A, C, B, E, D

Answer: Option 3 (C, E, B, A, D)
Zobel & Talbert: choose species and sources → study variability → package desired traits into improved trees → mass produce them → maintain a base population for advanced generations.

Q.54Forest Ecology

Select the correct ecosystem services provided by the forest.

• A. Non-cycling movement of nutrients
• B. Detoxification and decomposition of wastes
• C. Mitigation of drought and floods
• D. Promote the vast majority of potential agricultural pests
• E. Contribute to climate stability

1. 1A, B, C only
2. 2B, C, D only
3. 3B, C, E only
4. 4C, D, E only

Answer: Option 3 (B, C, E only)
Forests cycle nutrients (not non-cycling), control rather than promote pests, detoxify and decompose wastes, moderate floods and droughts, and stabilise climate.

Q.55Forest Entomology

In the honey bee, wax glands are present in which of the following?

1. 1Male (drone)
2. 2Queen
3. 3Male (drone) and worker
4. 4Worker

Answer: Option 4 (Worker)
Only worker bees have four pairs of wax glands on the underside of the abdomen; they build the comb.

Q.56Forest Mensuration

Which of the following is not a classification of volume table on the basis of out-turn?

1. 1Standard volume table
2. 2Commercial volume table
3. 3Local volume table
4. 4Assortment table

Answer: Option 3 (Local volume table)
By out-turn, volume tables are standard, commercial and assortment tables. General and local tables are classified by the area of application.

Q.57Wildlife & Biodiversity

Match LIST-I (institution) with LIST-II (place).

LIST-I: Institution	LIST-II: Place
A. Wildlife Institute of India	I. Assam
B. World Wildlife Fund International	II. Arunachal Pradesh
C. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary	III. Gland
D. Namdapha National Park	IV. Uttarakhand

1. 1A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
2. 2A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
3. 3A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
4. 4A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Answer: Option 2 (A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II)
WII – Dehradun (Uttarakhand); WWF International – Gland, Switzerland; Manas – Assam; Namdapha – Arunachal Pradesh.

Q.58Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

'Motia' and 'Sofia' are varieties of:

1. 1Cymbopogon flexuosus
2. 2Cymbopogon martinii
3. 3Cymbopogon nardus
4. 4Vetiveria zizanioides

Answer: Option 2 (Cymbopogon martinii)
C. martinii has two types: var. motia (palmarosa oil) and var. sofia (gingergrass oil).

Q.59Forest Mensuration

What is the product of form factor and total height of a tree?

1. 1Form height
2. 2Form quotient
3. 3Form class
4. 4Form point ratio

Answer: Option 1 (Form height)
Form height = form factor × height. Volume = basal area × form height.

Q.60Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Read the following and choose the correct statements.

• A. Mulhatti is commonly propagated by seed.
• B. Opium poppy is grown as rabi crop.
• C. Himalaya is a hybrid variety of mint.
• D. Safed musli is grown as kharif crop.
• E. Musabbar is aloe gel containing 80–90% water.

1. 1A, B, C only
2. 2B, C, D only
3. 3C, D, E only
4. 4A, C, D only

Answer: Option 2 (B, C, D only)
Mulhatti (liquorice) is propagated by stolon/root cuttings; 'Himalaya' mint was bred by CIMAP from a Gomti × Kalka cross; musabbar is the dried leaf juice (exudate) of aloe, not the gel.

Q.61Soil & Water Conservation

Arrange the annual soil loss (t/ha) in increasing order.

• A. Rotation crops
• B. Grass
• C. Cotton
• D. Bare ground
• E. Virgin forest

1. 1A, B, C, D, E
2. 2E, B, A, C, D
3. 3D, C, A, B, E
4. 4E, A, B, C, D

Answer: Option 2 (E, B, A, C, D)
Virgin forest loses the least soil, then grass, rotation crops, clean-tilled cotton and finally bare ground (the most).

Q.62Forest Ecology

Which pollination vector and flower characteristic match best for effective pollination?

• A. Wind – tiny flower and copious amount of pollen
• B. Bees – white and sweet scented flower
• C. Flies – yellow and sweet smelling flower
• D. Bird – bright red and copious nectar bearing flower

1. 1A & B only
2. 2B & C only
3. 3C & D only
4. 4A & D only

Answer: Option 4 (A & D only)
Wind-pollinated flowers are small with abundant pollen; bird flowers are red with lots of nectar. White, sweet-scented flowers attract moths, and fly flowers are dull and foul-smelling.

Q.63Statistics

In which condition is the simple arithmetic mean greater than the weighted arithmetic mean?

1. 1Weights of all items are equal
2. 2Greater weights are assigned to greater values
3. 3Smaller weights are assigned to smaller values
4. 4Greater weights are assigned to smaller values

Answer: Option 4 (Greater weights are assigned to smaller values)
When small values carry large weights, the weighted mean is pulled down, so the simple mean is greater.

Q.64Silviculture

Which tree species are used for reclamation of saline and alkaline soils?

1. 1Juglans regia and Cedrus deodara
2. 2Prosopis spp. and Acacia spp.
3. 3Tectona grandis and Tamarindus indica
4. 4Ficus glomerata and Syzygium cumini

Answer: Option 2 (Prosopis spp. and Acacia spp.)
Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica are the main species for reclaiming saline-alkaline (usar) soils.

Q.65Forest Management

Which rotation gives the maximum material of a specified size or for a special use?

1. 1Physical rotation
2. 2Technical rotation
3. 3Rotation of highest income
4. 4Financial rotation

Answer: Option 2 (Technical rotation)
Technical rotation yields the maximum material of a specified size or suitable for a particular use.

Q.66Nursery & Plantation

Read the following and choose the correct statements.

• A. Germination chamber is usually an insulated room for temperature and relative humidity
• B. Low weight of perlite is a demerit of it in nursery media
• C. Vermiculite is acidic in reaction
• D. Cocopeat has good porosity and drainage quality as nursery media

1. 1A, B, C only
2. 2B, C, D only
3. 3A, C, D only
4. 4A, B, D only

Answer: Option 4 (A, B, D only)
A correct: a germination chamber is an insulated, controlled room for temperature, humidity and light. B correct: perlite is so light that it floats to the top on irrigation, washes away and gives containers poor anchorage, so they tip over in wind. C wrong: vermiculite (hydrated Mg-Al silicate) is neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 7–8), unlike acidic peat. D correct: cocopeat has high porosity (80–90%), good water retention and good aeration/drainage.

Q.67Agroforestry

Wind breaks and shelter belts reduce wind velocity to what extent of their height?

1. 110 times on the windward and 20 times on leeward side
2. 25 times on the windward and 10 times on leeward side
3. 35 times on the windward and 25 times on leeward side
4. 410 times on the windward and 100 times on leeward side

Answer: Option 3 (5 times on the windward and 25 times on leeward side)
A shelterbelt reduces wind speed up to about 5 H on the windward side and 20–25 H on the leeward side (H = height of the belt).

Q.68Climate Change

The Kyoto Protocol entered into force in which year?

1. 11997
2. 22001
3. 32003
4. 42005

Answer: Option 4 (2005)
Adopted in December 1997, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005.

Q.69Silviculture

Which species is not suitable for hot desert climate?

1. 1Pongamia pinnata
2. 2Acacia tortilis
3. 3Tecomella undulata
4. 4Prosopis spp.

Answer: Option 1 (Pongamia pinnata)
Pongamia prefers moist, riverine areas. Israeli babool, rohida and khejri/Prosopis are typical hot desert trees.

Q.70Statistics

Read the following statements regarding designs of experiments and choose the correct ones.

• A. Total degree of freedom for RBD is (r − 1)(c − 1)
• B. Randomized block design is the most frequently used design of field experiments
• C. Latin square model assumes that interaction between treatments, row and column is significant
• D. In Latin square model, each treatment occurs only once in each row

1. 1A & B only
2. 2B & C only
3. 3B & D only
4. 4A & D only

Answer: Option 3 (B & D only)
(r − 1)(t − 1) is the error d.f. of RBD, not the total (rt − 1). A Latin square assumes no interaction among rows, columns and treatments.

Q.71Forest Products & Utilization

Match LIST-I (tools) with LIST-II (uses).

LIST-I: Tool	LIST-II: Use
A. Pickaroon	I. Prevent jamming of the saw
B. Cant hook	II. Rolling, stopping and turning the logs
C. Log hook	III. Drawing the logs or pulling the small logs
D. Wedge	IV. Dragging, lifting and rolling the logs

1. 1A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. 2A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
3. 3A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
4. 4A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Answer: Option 4 (A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I)
Pickaroon – pulling small logs; cant hook – rolling, stopping and turning logs; log hook – dragging and lifting; wedge – keeps the saw kerf open so the saw does not jam.

Q.72Forest Policy & Law

Under which Article of the Indian Constitution shall the State endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests of the country?

1. 148
2. 248A
3. 351(a)
4. 451(g)

Answer: Option 2 (48A)
Article 48A (Directive Principle, 42nd Amendment 1976). Article 51A(g) is the matching fundamental duty of citizens.

Q.73Silviculture

Match LIST-I (stocking method) with LIST-II (species).

LIST-I: Stocking method	LIST-II: Species
A. Direct sowing	I. Cupressus torulosa
B. Branch cutting	II. Populus spp.
C. Transplants and potted plants	III. Pinus roxburghii
D. Root suckers	IV. Ailanthus altissima

1. 1A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. 2A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
3. 3A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
4. 4A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Answer: Option 3 (A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV)
Chir pine is raised by direct sowing; poplar by branch (stem) cuttings; Himalayan cypress by transplants and potted plants; Ailanthus spreads by root suckers.

Q.74Silviculture

Which of the following are light demander species?

• A. Pinus wallichiana
• B. Toona ciliata
• C. Tectona grandis
• D. Dalbergia latifolia
• E. Adina cordifolia

1. 1A, B, C only
2. 2A, C, D only
3. 3C, D, E only
4. 4A, C, E only

Answer: Option 4 (A, C, E only)
As per L.S. Khanna (Principles and Practice of Silviculture, light requirement of species): Pinus wallichiana, Tectona grandis and Adina cordifolia are light demanders, while Toona ciliata and Dalbergia latifolia are shade bearers.

Q.75Forest Ecology

Which species does not belong to Dry Alpine Scrub Forest?

1. 1Juniperus wallichiana
2. 2Juniperus communis
3. 3Pinus wallichiana
4. 4Caragana

Answer: Option 3 (Pinus wallichiana)
Dry alpine scrub has junipers, Caragana, Lonicera and Ephedra. Blue pine is a temperate forest tree.

Q.76Forest Ecology

Match LIST-I (forest type) with LIST-II (species).

LIST-I: Forest type	LIST-II: Species
A. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest	I. Dipterocarpus alatus
B. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest	II. Anogeissus latifolia
C. Sub Tropical Broad leaved Hill Forest	III. Syzygium cumini
D. Sub Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest	IV. Olea cuspidata

1. 1A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
2. 2A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. 3A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
4. 4A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II

Answer: Option 3 (A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV)
Dipterocarpus – tropical wet evergreen; Anogeissus – tropical dry deciduous; Syzygium – subtropical broadleaved hill; Olea cuspidata – subtropical dry evergreen.

Q.77Forest Products & Utilization

Which tree species is not suitable for cricket bat making?

1. 1Salix alba
2. 2Fraxinus spp.
3. 3Celtis australis
4. 4Populus ciliata

Answer: Option 2 (Fraxinus spp.)
Cricket bats are made from willow (Salix alba var. caerulea); light, soft woods such as Populus ciliata and Celtis australis have been tried as substitutes. Ash (Fraxinus) is hard, heavy and tough, and is used for hockey sticks, tool handles and rackets, not bat blades.

Q.78Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Match LIST-I (crop) with LIST-II (seed rate).

LIST-I: Crop	LIST-II: Seed rate
A. Rauvolfia serpentina	I. 200 g/ha
B. Withania somnifera	II. 5–6 kg/ha
C. Andrographis paniculata	III. 10–12 kg/ha
D. Swertia chirayita	IV. 600 g/ha

1. 1A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
2. 2A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
3. 3A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
4. 4A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I

Answer: Option 4 (A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I)
Sarpgandha needs 5–6 kg/ha (poor germination); ashwagandha 10–12 kg/ha (broadcast); kalmegh about 600 g/ha; chirata, with very tiny seeds, about 200 g/ha.

Q.79Forest Policy & Law

Social forestry was first emphasized in which National Forest Policy/Report?

1. 1National Forest Policy, 1894
2. 2National Forest Policy, 1952
3. 3National Forest Policy, 1988
4. 4National Commission on Agriculture Report, 1976

Answer: Option 4 (National Commission on Agriculture Report, 1976)
The term 'social forestry' was first used and promoted by the National Commission on Agriculture (1976).

Q.80Agroforestry

The following are the objectives of the National Agroforestry Policy, 2014:

• A. Promote integrated tree plantations with crops and livestock
• B. Development of resilient farming against climatic extremes
• C. Provide raw material for wood based industries through agroforestry products
• D. Reduce pressure on existing forests for fuel wood, fodder, NTFPs and small timber
• E. To promote the maximum felling of natural forest

1. 1A and C only
2. 2A, B and E only
3. 3A, B and C only
4. 4A, B, C and D only

Answer: Option 4 (A, B, C and D only)
The 2014 policy (India was the first country to have one) aims at A–D. Promoting felling of natural forests is the opposite of its aim.

Q.81Forest Products & Utilization

Match LIST-I (species) with LIST-II (product).

LIST-I: Species	LIST-II: Product
A. Caesalpinia sappan	I. Rock dammar
B. Lannea coromandelica	II. Jhingan gum
C. Hopea odorata	III. Brazilin
D. Caesalpinia coriaria	IV. Divi-divi

1. 1A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
2. 2A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
3. 3A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
4. 4A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV

Answer: Option 4 (A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV)
Sappan wood gives the red dye brazilin; Lannea gives jhingan gum; Hopea odorata gives rock dammar; divi-divi pods (C. coriaria) are a tan.

Q.82Agroforestry

Which is not a type of taungya?

1. 1Departmental taungya
2. 2Leased taungya
3. 3Village taungya
4. 4Social taungya

Answer: Option 4 (Social taungya)
The three types of taungya are departmental, leased and village taungya.

Q.83Remote Sensing

Select the basic components of an ideal remote sensing system.

• A. Super sensor
• B. Uniform energy source
• C. Real-time data handling system
• D. Non-interfering atmosphere
• E. Single data user

1. 1A, B, C, D only
2. 2B, C, D, E only
3. 3A, B, D, E only
4. 4A, C, D, E only

Answer: Option 1 (A, B, C, D only)
An ideal system has a uniform energy source, non-interfering atmosphere, unique energy–matter interactions, a super sensor, a real-time data handling system and multiple (not single) data users.

Q.84Forest Management

Match LIST-I (method of yield regulation) with LIST-II (basis).

LIST-I: Method	LIST-II: Basis
A. Burma modification	I. Volume and increment
B. Judeich's stand selection	II. Increment
C. Hufnagel's method	III. Area and volume
D. Biolley's 'check method'	IV. Volume only

1. 1A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
2. 2A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. 3A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
4. 4A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Answer: Option 1 (A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II)
Brandis' Burma selection method regulates by volume (number of trees above exploitable girth) only; Judeich's stand method uses area and volume; Hufnagel's formula uses volume and increment; Biolley's check method uses increment.

Q.85Soil & Water Conservation

Forests help in maintaining soil moisture by:

• A. Reduced surface run off
• B. Increased infiltration rate
• C. Reduced evapo-transpiration
• D. Interception of precipitation
• E. Increased water holding capacity

1. 1A, B only
2. 2A, B, C only
3. 3A, B, C, D, E
4. 4C, D, E only

Answer: Option 3 (A, B, C, D, E)
Forest cover and litter reduce runoff and soil evaporation, raise infiltration and water holding capacity (organic matter), and canopy interception breaks the impact of rain.

Q.86Biotechnology

Particle bombardment is related to which of the following?

1. 1Genetic transformation
2. 2Seed viability testing
3. 3Clonal propagation
4. 4Haploid production

Answer: Option 1 (Genetic transformation)
Particle bombardment (gene gun, biolistics) shoots DNA-coated gold or tungsten particles into cells for genetic transformation.

Q.87Wood Science

Which is an oil type wood preservative?

1. 1Copper sulphate
2. 2ASCU
3. 3Creosote
4. 4Cuprinol

Answer: Option 3 (Creosote)
Creosote (coal tar distillate) is the classic oil type preservative. Copper sulphate and ASCU (CCA) are water-soluble.

Q.88Statistics

Read the following and choose the correct statements about properties of the correlation coefficient.

• A. The correlation coefficient is independent of change of scale of variables
• B. The correlation coefficient is dependent on change of origin of variables
• C. The correlation coefficient is the arithmetic mean of two regression coefficients
• D. The degree of relationship between two variables is symmetric

1. 1A & B only
2. 2B & C only
3. 3A & D only
4. 4C & D only

Answer: Option 3 (A & D only)
r is independent of change of origin and scale, and r(xy) = r(yx). r is the geometric (not arithmetic) mean of the two regression coefficients.

Q.89Biotechnology

Which is an advantage of micropropagation over conventional propagation?

1. 1Sub optimal rooting response
2. 2Long gestation period
3. 3Somaclonal variation
4. 4Product uniformity

Answer: Option 4 (Product uniformity)
Micropropagation produces large numbers of true-to-type, uniform plants quickly. Somaclonal variation is a drawback.

Q.90Tree Improvement

If in an experiment a researcher finds a selection differential of 15 units and expected genetic gain of 7.5 units, what is the narrow sense heritability?

1. 12.0
2. 21.0
3. 30.5
4. 40.2

Answer: Option 3 (0.5)
R = h² × S, so h² = R ÷ S = 7.5 ÷ 15 = 0.5.

Q.91Agroforestry

Comprehension: In multipurpose forest tree production system, trees are managed not only for wood but also for fruits, flowers, leaves, barks, roots, gums, honey, medicines etc. This system is mainly practiced by the tribals for their livelihood. Generally, mahua, sal, jackfruit, khejri, babool, etc. tree species are grown along with agricultural crops. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi has enlisted all agroforestry systems of the world. In silviagriculture system, trees are the main component along with agricultural crops. Likewise, in agrosilviculture system, agricultural crops are main component along with forest trees. Similarly, trees with pasture is called silvopasture. The multiple combinations of agricultural crops, forest trees and pasture is called agrosilvopastoral system.

Which one is the most complex agroforestry system?

1. 1Alley cropping
2. 2Silvi-agriculture
3. 3Agro-silviculture
4. 4Agrosilvopastoral

Answer: Option 4 (Agrosilvopastoral)
Agrosilvopastoral systems combine crops, trees and pasture/animals, so they are the most complex.

Q.92Agroforestry

Comprehension: In multipurpose forest tree production system, trees are managed not only for wood but also for fruits, flowers, leaves, barks, roots, gums, honey, medicines etc. This system is mainly practiced by the tribals for their livelihood. Generally, mahua, sal, jackfruit, khejri, babool, etc. tree species are grown along with agricultural crops. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi has enlisted all agroforestry systems of the world. In silviagriculture system, trees are the main component along with agricultural crops. Likewise, in agrosilviculture system, agricultural crops are main component along with forest trees. Similarly, trees with pasture is called silvopasture. The multiple combinations of agricultural crops, forest trees and pasture is called agrosilvopastoral system.

What is the primary product of the multipurpose forest tree production system?

1. 1Leaf litter
2. 2Wood
3. 3Roots
4. 4Fruits

Answer: Option 2 (Wood)
As the passage says, trees are managed 'not only for wood but also for' other products, so wood is the primary product.

Q.93Agroforestry

Comprehension: In multipurpose forest tree production system, trees are managed not only for wood but also for fruits, flowers, leaves, barks, roots, gums, honey, medicines etc. This system is mainly practiced by the tribals for their livelihood. Generally, mahua, sal, jackfruit, khejri, babool, etc. tree species are grown along with agricultural crops. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi has enlisted all agroforestry systems of the world. In silviagriculture system, trees are the main component along with agricultural crops. Likewise, in agrosilviculture system, agricultural crops are main component along with forest trees. Similarly, trees with pasture is called silvopasture. The multiple combinations of agricultural crops, forest trees and pasture is called agrosilvopastoral system.

Which one is an example of a silviagricultural system?

1. 1Hedgerow cropping
2. 2Alley cropping
3. 3Taungya cropping
4. 4Intercropping

Answer: Option 3 (Taungya cropping)
In taungya the forest plantation is the main component and crops are grown only in the early years, which fits the passage's definition of silviagriculture.

Q.94Agroforestry

Comprehension: In multipurpose forest tree production system, trees are managed not only for wood but also for fruits, flowers, leaves, barks, roots, gums, honey, medicines etc. This system is mainly practiced by the tribals for their livelihood. Generally, mahua, sal, jackfruit, khejri, babool, etc. tree species are grown along with agricultural crops. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi has enlisted all agroforestry systems of the world. In silviagriculture system, trees are the main component along with agricultural crops. Likewise, in agrosilviculture system, agricultural crops are main component along with forest trees. Similarly, trees with pasture is called silvopasture. The multiple combinations of agricultural crops, forest trees and pasture is called agrosilvopastoral system.

What is the scientific name of khejri?

1. 1Prosopis cineraria
2. 2Acacia nilotica
3. 3Prosopis juliflora
4. 4Acacia catechu

Answer: Option 1 (Prosopis cineraria)
Khejri is Prosopis cineraria, the state tree of Rajasthan. A. nilotica is babool and A. catechu is khair.

Q.95Agroforestry

Comprehension: In multipurpose forest tree production system, trees are managed not only for wood but also for fruits, flowers, leaves, barks, roots, gums, honey, medicines etc. This system is mainly practiced by the tribals for their livelihood. Generally, mahua, sal, jackfruit, khejri, babool, etc. tree species are grown along with agricultural crops. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi has enlisted all agroforestry systems of the world. In silviagriculture system, trees are the main component along with agricultural crops. Likewise, in agrosilviculture system, agricultural crops are main component along with forest trees. Similarly, trees with pasture is called silvopasture. The multiple combinations of agricultural crops, forest trees and pasture is called agrosilvopastoral system.

Where is the headquarters of ICRAF?

1. 1Jhansi
2. 2Harare
3. 3Nairobi
4. 4Jakarta

Answer: Option 3 (Nairobi)
ICRAF (now CIFOR-ICRAF) is headquartered at Nairobi, Kenya. Jhansi hosts the ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute.

Q.96Tree Improvement

Comprehension: Increment in a specific period i.e. Current Annual Increment (CAI) increases rapidly, up to its maximum and starts declining as stand matures. In contrast, Mean Annual Increment (MAI) grows slowly till it reaches intersection point with CAI. This intersection point is used by forester to determine the age where maximum volume can be harvested. Tree improvement aims to reduce rotation through selection and breeding value which is twice the General Combining Ability (GCA). To realize full genetic potential, environment also plays crucial role as phenotype (P) is result of interplay between genotype (G) and environment (E).

What will be the breeding value if GCA is 2 units and SCA is 4 units?

1. 12 units
2. 24 units
3. 36 units
4. 48 units

Answer: Option 2 (4 units)
Breeding value = 2 × GCA = 2 × 2 = 4 units. SCA is not part of the breeding value.

Q.97Forest Mensuration

Comprehension: Increment in a specific period i.e. Current Annual Increment (CAI) increases rapidly, up to its maximum and starts declining as stand matures. In contrast, Mean Annual Increment (MAI) grows slowly till it reaches intersection point with CAI. This intersection point is used by forester to determine the age where maximum volume can be harvested. Tree improvement aims to reduce rotation through selection and breeding value which is twice the General Combining Ability (GCA). To realize full genetic potential, environment also plays crucial role as phenotype (P) is result of interplay between genotype (G) and environment (E).

When MAI decreases, what will happen with CAI?

1. 1CAI rising
2. 2CAI at peak
3. 3CAI = MAI
4. 4CAI is less than MAI

Answer: Option 4 (CAI is less than MAI)
MAI falls only after it has met CAI; from then on CAI is below MAI.

Q.98Tree Improvement

Comprehension: Increment in a specific period i.e. Current Annual Increment (CAI) increases rapidly, up to its maximum and starts declining as stand matures. In contrast, Mean Annual Increment (MAI) grows slowly till it reaches intersection point with CAI. This intersection point is used by forester to determine the age where maximum volume can be harvested. Tree improvement aims to reduce rotation through selection and breeding value which is twice the General Combining Ability (GCA). To realize full genetic potential, environment also plays crucial role as phenotype (P) is result of interplay between genotype (G) and environment (E).

What is the objective of tree improvement programmes?

1. 1Increase CAI peak
2. 2Reduce CAI to zero
3. 3Reduce time to reach MAI peak
4. 4Reduce MAI to zero

Answer: Option 3 (Reduce time to reach MAI peak)
Tree improvement aims to shorten the rotation, i.e. reach the MAI peak (CAI = MAI) earlier.

Q.99Forest Management

Comprehension: Increment in a specific period i.e. Current Annual Increment (CAI) increases rapidly, up to its maximum and starts declining as stand matures. In contrast, Mean Annual Increment (MAI) grows slowly till it reaches intersection point with CAI. This intersection point is used by forester to determine the age where maximum volume can be harvested. Tree improvement aims to reduce rotation through selection and breeding value which is twice the General Combining Ability (GCA). To realize full genetic potential, environment also plays crucial role as phenotype (P) is result of interplay between genotype (G) and environment (E).

When is the rotation determined for maximum volume production?

1. 1CAI = MAI
2. 2CAI > MAI
3. 3CAI < MAI
4. 4CAI = 1/MAI

Answer: Option 1 (CAI = MAI)
The rotation of maximum volume production is at the age where MAI culminates, i.e. where CAI = MAI.

Q.100Tree Improvement

Comprehension: Increment in a specific period i.e. Current Annual Increment (CAI) increases rapidly, up to its maximum and starts declining as stand matures. In contrast, Mean Annual Increment (MAI) grows slowly till it reaches intersection point with CAI. This intersection point is used by forester to determine the age where maximum volume can be harvested. Tree improvement aims to reduce rotation through selection and breeding value which is twice the General Combining Ability (GCA). To realize full genetic potential, environment also plays crucial role as phenotype (P) is result of interplay between genotype (G) and environment (E).

If a better genotype is grown in nutrient deficient soil, what will be the result?

1. 1It will enhance its genetic potential
2. 2Its growth will be retarded
3. 3It will get mutated
4. 4Its genotype value will become zero

Answer: Option 2 (Its growth will be retarded)
P = G + E: a poor environment limits expression, so growth is retarded although the genotype is unchanged.

Answer key

Show answer key (Q.1–100)

Q.	Subject	Correct option
Q.1	Wildlife & Biodiversity	4 – A, B, D only
Q.2	Silviculture	4 – A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Q.3	Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	4 – A and E only
Q.4	Forest Policy & Law	1 – Schedule I
Q.5	Nursery & Plantation	1 – Glass house
Q.6	Soil & Water Conservation	1 – D, C, E, B, A
Q.7	Tree Improvement	4 – A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Q.8	Biotechnology	1 – C, A, D, B
Q.9	Tree Improvement	3 – A, B, D only
Q.10	Forest Policy & Law	3 – D, E, C, B, A
Q.11	Forest Products & Utilization	3 – C, D, B, E, A
Q.12	Forest Economics & Extension	4 – Trading entrepreneur
Q.13	Statistics	1 – A, B, E only
Q.14	Climate Change	2 – E, C, D, A, B
Q.15	Agroforestry	4 – Maharashtra
Q.16	Silviculture	2 – A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
Q.17	Forest Economics & Extension	2 – Total assets ÷ Total liabilities
Q.18	Forest Mensuration	2 – A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
Q.19	Tree Improvement	4 – C, A, D, B
Q.20	Silviculture	3 – Pinus roxburghii
Q.21	Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	1 – A, B, C only
Q.22	Biotechnology	3 – D, B, C, A
Q.23	Climate Change	3 – United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change
Q.24	Forest Policy & Law	1 – Kunjar Vana and Kantak Vana
Q.25	Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	3 – A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Q.26	Climate Change	3 – B, A, E, D, C
Q.27	Tree Improvement	1 – Mutation
Q.28	Forest Management	3 – A, B, E only
Q.29	Silviculture	4 – 3 months
Q.30	Forest Products & Utilization	3 – D, C, E, A, B
Q.31	Forest Policy & Law	1 – A and B only
Q.32	Forest Ecology	4 – Species, locality and climatic condition
Q.33	Remote Sensing	4 – The Surveyor General's Office
Q.34	Nursery & Plantation	1 – Prosopis cineraria
Q.35	Remote Sensing	2 – A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
Q.36	Tree Improvement	3 – B, C, D only
Q.37	Agroforestry	2 – It is a modified form of shifting cultivation
Q.38	Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	2 – A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
Q.39	Biotechnology	3 – Protoplast fusion – Somatic hybridization
Q.40	Agroforestry	2 – B, C, A, D, E
Q.41	Wood Science	2 – D, C, B, A, E
Q.42	Silviculture	2 – A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
Q.43	Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	4 – Cymbopogon pendulus
Q.44	Nursery & Plantation	4 – 48,000
Q.45	Nursery & Plantation	1 – A, B, D only
Q.46	Climate Change	1 – A, C, B, E, D
Q.47	Silviculture	2 – To provide healthy environment
Q.48	Tree Improvement	2 – Hybrid swarm
Q.49	Forest Mensuration	1 – 5
Q.50	Forest Policy & Law	2 – Dr. Dietrich Brandis
Q.51	Statistics	2 – B & D only
Q.52	Forest Ecology	3 – C, A, B, E, D
Q.53	Tree Improvement	3 – C, E, B, A, D
Q.54	Forest Ecology	3 – B, C, E only
Q.55	Forest Entomology	4 – Worker
Q.56	Forest Mensuration	3 – Local volume table
Q.57	Wildlife & Biodiversity	2 – A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Q.58	Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	2 – Cymbopogon martinii
Q.59	Forest Mensuration	1 – Form height
Q.60	Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	2 – B, C, D only
Q.61	Soil & Water Conservation	2 – E, B, A, C, D
Q.62	Forest Ecology	4 – A & D only
Q.63	Statistics	4 – Greater weights are assigned to smaller values
Q.64	Silviculture	2 – Prosopis spp. and Acacia spp.
Q.65	Forest Management	2 – Technical rotation
Q.66	Nursery & Plantation	4 – A, B, D only
Q.67	Agroforestry	3 – 5 times on the windward and 25 times on leeward side
Q.68	Climate Change	4 – 2005
Q.69	Silviculture	1 – Pongamia pinnata
Q.70	Statistics	3 – B & D only
Q.71	Forest Products & Utilization	4 – A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
Q.72	Forest Policy & Law	2 – 48A
Q.73	Silviculture	3 – A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
Q.74	Silviculture	4 – A, C, E only
Q.75	Forest Ecology	3 – Pinus wallichiana
Q.76	Forest Ecology	3 – A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Q.77	Forest Products & Utilization	2 – Fraxinus spp.
Q.78	Medicinal & Aromatic Plants	4 – A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Q.79	Forest Policy & Law	4 – National Commission on Agriculture Report, 1976
Q.80	Agroforestry	4 – A, B, C and D only
Q.81	Forest Products & Utilization	4 – A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
Q.82	Agroforestry	4 – Social taungya
Q.83	Remote Sensing	1 – A, B, C, D only
Q.84	Forest Management	1 – A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Q.85	Soil & Water Conservation	3 – A, B, C, D, E
Q.86	Biotechnology	1 – Genetic transformation
Q.87	Wood Science	3 – Creosote
Q.88	Statistics	3 – A & D only
Q.89	Biotechnology	4 – Product uniformity
Q.90	Tree Improvement	3 – 0.5
Q.91	Agroforestry	4 – Agrosilvopastoral
Q.92	Agroforestry	2 – Wood
Q.93	Agroforestry	3 – Taungya cropping
Q.94	Agroforestry	1 – Prosopis cineraria
Q.95	Agroforestry	3 – Nairobi
Q.96	Tree Improvement	2 – 4 units
Q.97	Forest Mensuration	4 – CAI is less than MAI
Q.98	Tree Improvement	3 – Reduce time to reach MAI peak
Q.99	Forest Management	1 – CAI = MAI
Q.100	Tree Improvement	2 – Its growth will be retarded

About these answers Answers were checked against standard forestry textbooks, ICFRE/PPV&FRA publications and the India State of Forest Report 2023. The official NTA final answer key is the last word; if any answer differs, tell us in the comments.

UGC NET Forestry · June 2026 · Paper 2 solved